O PROBLEMA DA ALIMENTAÇÃO
[Trata-se de um excerto de uma série de artigos em português sobre Macau durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, aparentemente escritos pelo Padre Manuel Teixeira no início da década de 80.]
O governador Gabriel Teixeira portou-se à altura e o seu maior colaborador foi Pedro José Lobo, que conhecendo bem a psicologia oriental, soube lidar com os chineses e japoneses de tal forma que em muito se lhe deve a salvação de Macau. Esta cidade era uma ilhota pacífica no meio dum oceano revolto. Os japoneses dominavam todas estas regiões e não eram fáceis de aturar. Era forçoso alimentar meio milhão de pessoas. Os japoneses, assoberbados com a guerra, mal podiam cuidar da alimentação dos seus, quanto mais dos outros. O nosso Governo é que tinha de resolver este magno problema. Organizou uma carreira entre Macau e o porto de Haifong para transporte do arroz mas, a 5 de Junho de 1943, o vapor Wing Wa, do comando de Isaac Lemos tendo como imediato João Braga, tocou numa mina submarina e afundou-se. Vinha também arroz da Tailândia. Os chineses corriam todos os riscos para trazer para Macau arroz, hortaliça, frutas, lenha, etc., furavam com os seus juncos o bloqueio japonês e muitos pagaram com a vida a sua ousadia. Assim nunca cessou o fluxo do arroz e outros géneros essenciais para esta terra. A maioria dos portugueses teve de adoptar a alimentação chinesa, com base no arroz e hortaliça, que eram estritamente racionados. Aos não chineses eram distribuídas rações de 8 taéis [300g] de arroz, aos chineses, 16 [600g]. Resultado: todos diminuíram de peso; mas isto trouxe uma vantagem: fatos e vestidos que já não serviam por serem muito apertados, voltaram a servir, ficando ainda largos. As privações depauperavam os organismos e muitos morreram, sobretudo os portugueses de Hong Kong; era raro o dia em que não ia algum para o cemitério. Os Drs. Osório e Ribeiro montaram um hospital no nº 3 da Rua da Praia Grande para os refugiados. Os géneros atingiram preços astronómicos: batatas, 16 patacas o quilo; porco, 24; manteiga, 40; pão, 10; azeite, 60 o litro; leite, 6. Um par de sapatos, que em Dezembro de 1941 custava $7,00 passou, em 1942, para $35,00, ou seja, subiu 500%; um par com solas de borracha, que custava $8,00, subiu logo para $40,00. A farinha “Corn Starch” para bebés subiu de $0,45 por pacote para $3,60; uma libra de margarina, $5,10; uma salsaparrilha, de $0,16 para $1,50. Os refugiados de Hong Kong ocupavam vários centros: Hospital de S. Rafael, Teatro D. Pedro V, Clube Militar, Ilha Verde, etc. Pois nesses centros os cozinheiros serviam várias vezes açúcar misturado com farinha e pão cru e intragável. Os cambistas davam $6,50 em prata por $10,00, uma nota da BMU [Banco Nacional Ultramarino], e $7,60 de Macau por $10,00 de Hong Kong. O mercado negro medrava à grande.THE FOOD PROBLEM
Governor Gabriel Teixeira rose to the occasion, and his greatest collaborator was Pedro José Lobo who, familiar with Eastern psychology, knew how to deal with the Chinese and Japanese so skilfully that much of Macau’s survival is owed to him.
This city was a peaceful little island in the midst of a turbulent ocean. The Japanese dominated all these regions and were not easy to deal with. Half a million people had to be fed. The Japanese, overburdened by the war, could scarcely provide food for their own people, let alone for others.
It was therefore the Government that had to resolve this immense problem. A shipping service was established between Macau and the port of Haiphong to transport rice; but on 5 June 1943 the steamer Wing Wa, under the command of Isaac Lemos, with João Braga as first officer, struck a naval mine and sank. Rice also came from Thailand.
The Chinese risked everything to bring rice, vegetables, fruit, firewood, and other supplies into Macau, running the Japanese blockade in their junks; many paid for their audacity with their lives. Yet the flow of rice and other essential goods to the territory never ceased.
Most Portuguese had to adopt the Chinese diet, based on rice and vegetables, which were strictly rationed. Non-Chinese received rations of 8 taels (300 g) of rice, while Chinese received 16 (600 g). The result was that everyone lost weight; but this brought one advantage: suits and dresses that had become too tight could be worn again—and even hung loose.
The deprivations weakened the body, and many died, especially the Portuguese from Hong Kong; scarcely a day passed without someone being taken to the cemetery. Drs. Osório and Ribeiro set up a hospital at No. 3 Rua da Praia Grande for the refugees.
Foodstuffs reached astronomical prices: potatoes, 16 patacas per kilo; pork, 24; butter, 40; bread, 10; olive oil, 60 per litre; milk, 6. A pair of shoes that cost $7.00 in December 1941 rose to $35.00 in 1942—an increase of 500 per cent; a pair with rubber soles, which cost $8.00, quickly rose to $40.00. Cornstarch for babies rose from $0.45 per packet to $3.60; a pound of margarine cost $5.10; a sarsaparilla rose from $0.16 to $1.50.
Refugees from Hong Kong occupied several centres: St Raphael’s Hospital, the D. Pedro V Theatre, the Military Club, Ilha Verde, and others. In these centres, the cooks often served sugar mixed with flour and raw, inedible bread.
Money changers gave $6.50 in silver for a $10.00 BMU (Banco Nacional Ultramarino) note, and $7.60 in Macau currency for $10.00 from Hong Kong. The black market flourished.
With so many deprivations, children became stunted and adults aged prematurely. Emotional distress was felt most acutely by refugees—both Chinese and non-Chinese.
The Portuguese from Hong Kong found themselves deprived of their homes, their jobs, their high salaries, their cinemas, their sports fields, and their swimming pools—in short, of a comfortable life. From one moment to the next, they were crowded together like flocks in centres where everything was lacking, receiving only $30.00 a month when a pair of shoes cost $35.00. Many lost hope of returning to their homes, and this loss of hope was what killed them.
The church of St Augustine was placed at their disposal, with Italian priests in charge. These were priests of the Pontifical Institute of Milan, who had been living in Hong Kong and came to take refuge in Macau; there they exercised their ministry among the refugees.