Koo Ch 8

CHAPTER 8

Conclusion – some reflections

The history of the Macaenses in China was primarily a story of survival and a struggle for recognition and relevance. It described how they rose from a small band of traders engaged in illicit trade to become the sole European outpost in China for over three centuries. From shaky foundations they emerged as solid citizens who made significant contributions to the building up of Macau, Hong Kong, Shanghai and other treaty ports.

After the Opium War (1839-1842), many members of the community left Macau to join the stampede of the Western powers into China. Arriving at their destinations, the Macaenses had to work hard to support themselves and their families; they lived in close proximity to each other pursuing their simple pleasures in the confines of their clubs and their homes, maintaining a strong sense of their own identity in the process. Their cultural skills, honed from generations of living in a multi-cultural environment, enabled them to adapt to their new surroundings with relative ease. Where numbers permit, they fielded their own sporting teams and through their band of eager volunteers, they played their part in the defense of the settlements where they happened to be at the time. Whereever they went, the Macaenses formed alliances with the ruling elite, especially with the British under whose patronage they were able to prosper. Going to new destinations involved risks, although the Macaenses’ risks were minor compared to those undertaken by other groups. Like other foreigners, the Macaenses could gain much comfort in the solidity of the grand buildings along the various bunds and the building boom that underpinned the development of Shanghai and Hong Kong. However, like the soft muddy foundations of some of these settlements, the foreign presence in China was built on the fragility of the “unequal treaties”. As Chinese nationalism and Japanese imperialism combined to assault the foreign concessions, it became increasingly clear that the occupation of Chinese territories by the Western powers were becoming increasingly unwarranted and untenable. Even as World War II made a review of those treaties compelling, the Communist victory in 1949 sealed the fate of the foreign settlements in Mainland China with clear finality. The Communist takeover dispersed many Macaenses to different parts of the global village. Many retreated to Hong Kong and Macau where for the next few decades, they rode with the roller coaster fortunes of the twin colonies until the end of the twentieth century when the chapter on European colonisation in China was brought to an amicable end.

One country, two systems

Today, Hong Kong and Macau exist under China’s orbit as Special Administrative Regions. Administered by local Chinese under the principle of “one country, two systems”, K.C. Fok observed that the idea bore a striking resemblance to what he termed ‘The Macau Formula’ – the Chinese imperial policy that enabled Macau to exist under foreign administration for four and a half centuries.8_1

The relative success of post-handover Hong Kong had given encouragement to many, particularly those who had earlier feared a capital flight and loss of confidence. Lately, concerns had been expressed by sections of the Hong Kong public over which part of the principle should be emphasised: “one country” or “two systems”? Concerns had arisen as a result of two Hong Kong government initiatives. First, there was the surprise intervention in August 1998 to prop up its stock market purportedly to defend its currency. This was criticised as an abandonment of the free market principle that was considered an integral part of Hong Kong’s economic system. Secondly, on 27 June 1999, the Hong Kong government requested the National People’s Congress in Beijing to reinterpret the Basic Law so as to circumvent the decision of Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal in what was known as the “right of abode controversy”. The reinterpretation had the effect of depriving the estimated 1.67 million mainland residents of the right to reside in Hong Kong.8_2 This appeal to Beijing was criticised as weakening Hong Kong’s judicial processes significantly.8_3

In the case of Macau, administrative embarrassment was not slow in coming. Less than one month after the handover, the Macau police refused entry to a Hong Kong political activist. This was criticised as reflecting badly on the application of the principle of “one country, two systems”. It elicited a call from certain quarters for a crash course for Macau officials on the political implications of the principle.8_4

In Hong Kong, Martin Lee, a prominent lawyer and political activist called for vigilance by all concerned when he wrote:

The shattering of such expectations by the decision to seek a reinterpretation perhaps provides the clearest example of failing to protect Hong Kong’s autonomy. How can the ‘one country, two systems’ policy succeed if we do not protect our system to the utmost? Each time Hong Kong surrenders a key aspect of its autonomy, it will slide more out of balance.8_5

However, there were those who considered the Hong Kong Government’s decisions to be highly desirable and necessary for the well-being of Hong Kong even though sceptics doubted that “two systems” can exist in the “one country”. Their scepticism would likely deepen if Mainland officials in Hong Kong continued to make inappropriate remarks deemed to be compromising the principle of “one country, two systems”, as occurred on 8 June 2000.8_6

The realities of history

What would the new millennium hold for the Macaense communities in Hong Kong, Macau and in the diaspora? What would happen to their culture, their language and the institutions they held dear – One could argue that the future would point to further dilution of the Macaense cultural traits. Those who remained within the Chinese orbit would likely become sinicised while those in the diaspora could become increasingly globalised. Some Macaenses viewed this prospect with a sense of alarm while others considered it as part of the reality of history – the nature of things. While most understood that culture is constantly evolving, nevertheless, if they could, they would like to delay the inevitable in time to preserve elements of the past. Accordingly the leaders of the diaspora saw the need to establish Macaense community centres in the various cities in order to nurture and preserve elements of their culture for future generations.8_7

In Hong Kong and Macau so far, the signs appeared encouraging, as the lifestyle had not altered to any significant extent. Although the Macau Macaenses experienced little discrimination since the handover, a senior representative of the community, Carlos Marreiros, said that they would very much appreciate “a clear gesture, or a new stimulus by the [Macau] Government that it wants us to stay here”.8_8 For the Macaenses, a gesture came with the news that the Macau government would host a fourth Encontro in November 2001. This raised the hope that the uniqueness of the Macaense culture would be treated with a fair degree of graciosity by the new political elite.8_9

The Macaense communities are part of that uniqueness. At the first Encontro in 1993, their representatives adopted a creed to define their unique heritage:

We are the descendants of successive generations of settlers in the wake of the early pioneers who ventured out of Portugal through uncharted seas and inhospitable lands to fulfil the dreams and aspirations of the intrepid people of ancient Lusitania [ancient Roman term for Portugal] in search of a better world. We stand here this week on the soil of the last bastion of the former vast Portuguese overseas presence. This has been the home of our ancestors for almost 450 years. But soon enough the realities of history and a world of new values will take over. In our hearts, the memory of a rich Christian culture nurtured here in Macau will not be forgotten. Macau will soon quietly enter a new age with our collective good wishes for its progress and the well-being of its residents. …”8_10

The Macaense creed emphasised the uniqueness of its people yet failed to mention the monumental impact that their ancestors had on China and the rest of the world. Few could argue with the observation made by historian Immanuel C.Y.Hsu that the Portuguese arrival on the China coast coupled with the Russian expansion eastward to the Manchurian border “were nothing less than epochal for China, for they broke her age-old isolation and initiated the beginning of direct East-West contact, which, though weak and faltering at first, was to grow to such force in the nineteenth century as to effect a head-on collision between China and the West.”8_11

Viewed from such a perspective, it seemed difficult to exaggerate the historical significance of that tiny band of Portuguese private traders – the forefathers of the Macaenses – who wandered to the Chinese coast at the beginning of the sixteenth century and clung on tenaciously, despite the various setbacks, to forge a European settlement at Macau. No subsequent political revolutions or economic booms and busts could obliterate the impact that Macau and the Macaenses had achieved for China and the history of humankind.

Appendix 1: Shanghai Refugees in Macau – Camp 1

Source: Braga Manuscript Collection, National Library of Australia

NameAge
1. Aguiar, Adalberto L. Cruz61
2. Alves, Julio Justino57
3. Alves, Maria José55
4. Assis, Arthur65
5. Aquino, José Maria da Silva e Souza68
6. Barreto, Luis Alfredo31
7. Braga, Carlos Maria
8. Braga, Mary Tang May
9. Braga, Luiz

10. Braga, Ricardo		56
42
12
10
11. Britto, José Maria de66
12. Carmo, Vera44
18. Carion, Estela38
19. Carion, Simplicio
20. Carion, Eileen Theresa
21. Carion, Eduardo Emílio
22. Carion, Francisco José		37
31
5
2
23. Carvalho, Anna
24. Carvalho, Helena		48
19
25. Carvalho, Amalia Roza
26. Carvalho, Alberto		19
17
27. Chao, Guilherme41
28. Castilho, Margarida Francisca70
29. Collaço, Guilherme Augusto47
30. Collaço, Luiza
31. Collaço, Ricardo		47
12
32. Collaço, João Ferdinando47
33. Collaço, Helena H. Liang39
34. Collaço, Aurea Erlinda17
35. Collaço, Ricardo Oscar14
36. Collaço, Eduardo José12
37. Collaço, Marcos Alfredo10
38. Collaço, Candida8
39. Collaço, Cecilia6
40. Collaço, José Augusto4
41. Collaço, Lidia1
42. Collaço, Maria
43. Collaço, João F. de Aquino		77
49
44. Conceição, Carlos Camillo54
45. Costa, Augusta da67
46. Costa, Eduardina72
47. Deismeyer, William63
48. Deiameyer, Walter57
49. Favacho, Guilherme Romano63
50. Gonsalves, Carmelita63
51. Gutierres, Leocrecia76
52. Guedes, Maria Amelia66
53. Lopes, Maria Assunta64
54. Lopes, Carlos Eduardo58
55. Luz, Carlos José da
56. Luz, Lena		65
57
57. Machado, Carlos Jacinto68
58. Machado, Rosalina
59. Machado, Tereza		52
16
60. Machado, Silvia65
61. Madeira, Tsong Tse Yen58
62. Madeira, Lidia da Silva
63. Madeira, Alberto Francisco
64. Madeira, João José
65. Madeira, Angelina
66. Madeira, Stela Teresa
67. Madeira, Joana Celeste
68. Madeira, Noel Patricia		43
20
16
12
8
5
2
69. Maher, Fernando
70. Maher, Esmeralda
71. Maher, Raymond
72. Maher, Anita
73. Maher, Luiz
74. Maher, Beatriz
75. Maher, Luiza
76. Maher, Fernanda Antonia		42
42
17
14
12
11
8
4
77. Maher, Marcos Maria48
78. Manteigas, António Frederico7
79. Marçal, Renaldo Cesar
80. Marçal, Maria Filomena		61
55
81. Marques, Maria Martinho80
82. Nogueira, Acacio Augusto45
83. Noronha, Celeste Maria58
84. Oliveira, José Maria dos S. de
85. Oliveira, Bernado António		69
28
86. Ozorio, Angela Maria70
87. Ozorio, Magdalena de Jesus68
88. Rangel, Eliza Carmen de S.60
89. Remedios, Geraldo
90. Remedios, Natalia
91. Remedios, Martha		58
39
16
92. Remedios, Maria Tereza dos
93. Remedios, João Ricardo		49
15
94. Remedios, Regina Roberta dos
95. Remedios, Julia Jen dos
96. Remedios, Ana Jen dos		23
5
3
97. Remedios, Ricardo
98. Remedios, Anna Roza
99. Remedios, Maria Augusta		72
70
16
100. Remedios, Humberto
101. Remedios, Eduardo		71
39
102. Remedios, José Eulalio dos52
103. Ribeiro, Beatriz Maria (Vieira)54
104. Ribeiro, Sara (Vieir)75
105. Rozario, Jorge Maria do74
106. Rodrigues, Rose Thu
107. Rodrigues, António
108. Rodrigues, Margaret
109. Rodrigues, Cecilia
110. Rodrigues, William
111. Rodrigues, Joseph
112. Rodrigues, Mary Loreta
113. Rodrigues, Teresa
114. Rodrigues, Jorge
115. Rodrigues, Helena		33
14
12
10
9
8
6
5
2
1
123. Senna, Lawrence57
124. Senna, Ricardo Pedro de
125. Senna, Wong Chiu Shaing
126. Senna, Ricardo
127. Senna, Serafina
128. Senna, Adelina
129. Senna, António
130. Senna, Maria
131. Senna, Virginia
132. Senna, Paula Yuet Fong Tsong de		42
33
15
13
10
8
5
2
67
133. Short, Carlos João59
134. Silva, Lily
135. Silva, Marie Teresa da		66
15
136. Silva, Jeronimo da
137. Silva, Beliza
138. Silva, Loreta		30
33
2
139. Silva, Fernando Basto da37
140. Soares, Augusto
141. Soares, Josefina
142. Soares, Teresa		41
32
1
143. Souza, Angela Olivia19
144. Souza, Amalia Mihaidovna
145. Souza, Patricia		45
14
146. Victal, Fernando41
147. Xavier, Yacko Matsumura Margarida
148. Xavier, José
149. Xavier, Bernardo		38
11
5
150.

Appendix 1: Camp 2

Source: Braga Manuscript Collection, National Library of Australia

NameAge
1. Alvares, Francisco d'Assis69
2. Alves, Josephina Maria
3. Alves, Helena Maria		74

46
4. Alves, Lucia
5. Alves, Gregory		32
10
6. Baptista, Luis Gonzaga
7. Baptista, Bertha		57

50
8. Baptista, Francisco79
9. Botelho, Eliseu61
10. Botelho, Julie72
11. Carepa, António46
12. Canavarro, Agata Maria
13. Canavarro, Emilia Madalena		39
9
14. Canavarro, Chang Ai Sao63
15. Canavarro, Alfredo
16. Canavarro, Maria de Fatima
17. Canavarro, Caterina
18. Canavarro, Manuel		56
42
13
9
19. Carneiro, Amelia Maria Lourdes79
20. Castro, Hector
21. Castro, Yip Po Chun
22. Castro, Teresa Maria
23. Luiz Maria		49
43
10
5
24. Collaço, Alda Maria54
25. Costa, Angelica M. Siqueira43
26. Costa, Guilherme Philipe da
27. Costa, Stella Maria da
28. Costa, Francisco António da
29. Costa, Vasco Jorge da
30. Costa, Jacinta Maria da		47
46
12
10
6
31. Costa, António Padua da
32. Costa, Margarida Amelia da		45
40
33. Cunha, Roza Maria da
34. Cunha, Carlos Augusto da
35. Cunha, Julio Diniz da		77
46
44
36. Cunha, Filomena de12
37. Diniz, Nadeja51
38. Encarnação, Maria Ushakova de37
39. Favacho, Alvaro Alberto
40. Favacho, Maria Ernestina		67
68
41. Guterres, Yan Yu Tsung
42. Guterres, Luiz
43. Guterres, António
44. Guterres, Luiza		38
17
19
16
45. Gutierrez, Maria Emilia64
46. Leitao, Maria64
47. Lopes, Augusto Lourenço
48. Lopes, Nancy Monica Chang		53
37
49. Lubeck, Maria Edith61
50. Machado, Olga Emma
51. Machado, Eric Michael
52. Machado, Laura Roza
53. Machado, Manuel Francisco
54. Machado, Jr. Ernesto David		36
11
9
6
4
55. Machado, António34
56. Machado, Laura M.66
57. Martins, Frederico Oram
58. Martins, Marguerita Doris T. S. Yung
59. Martins, Margarita M. Oram
60. Martins, Florence M. Oram
61. Martins, Frederico Oram		40
37
9
7
5
62. Oliveira, Aurelio F. Martins de81
65. Ozorio, Anna Aline Lee62
66. Ozorio, Frederico Alexandre",'0'); });",'0'); });
67. Ozorio, Maria Chow		75
38
68. Ozorio, Rosa Maria73
69. Pereira, Mary42
70. Perpetuo, Ismalia
71. Perpetuo, Barbara Maria
72. Perpetuo, José Miguel		45
10
11
73. Perpetuo, Eduardo António
74. Perpetuo, Anna Maria Rodrigues
75. Perpetuo, Vicente de Paulo		54
48
12
76. Rangel, António Maria65
77. Rozario, Fermiano Mancio69
78. Rozario, José Miguel do
79. Rozario, Iza Maria Lourdes do

80. Rozario, George Victor do		71
69
45
81. Rodrigues, Marie Louise Machado32
82. Rodrigues, Leonardo73
83. Remedios, Alice57
84. Remedios, Augusto Carlos dos72
85. Ritchie, Gustavo
86. Ritchie, Adriana Jesus		32
32
87. Silva, Levy dos Santos e
88. Silva, Maria Rangel		80
68
89. Silva, Parasheva Leshokoff
90. Silva, Carmen Nina da		59
34
91. Silva, Luiz Gonzaga da
92. Silva, Laura Valentina da		64
66
93. Silva, Maria Belma Mello da
94. Silva, Mario Horacio da

95. Silva, Luisa Maria da		25
9
5
96. Silva, Luiza Maria Se Tsao68
97. Silva, João Henrique da39
98. Souza, Augusto José de
99. Souza, Adalina Maria
100. Souza, Anna Maria
101. Souza, João Alvaro
102. Souza, Roberto
103. Souza, Amelia Maria		69
43
14
9
12
44
104. 9Souza, Elsa Maria Palma de
105. Souza, Christina
106. Souza, Philip António
107. Souza, Juanita Armanda		43
11
10
5
108. Souza, Lawrence Joseph de
109. Souza, Rushun Jan Din de
110. Souza, Patrick		30
20
3 mnth
111. Soares, Guilhermina Maria
112. Soares, Margarida Maria
113. Soares, Bernadete Maria		71
66
63
114. Soares, Julie28
115. Tavares, Henrique
116. Tavares, Elsa Maria
117. Tavares, Frederico Alberto
118. Gertrude Margarida
119. Tavares, Elvira Tereza		62
14
13
10
7
120. Vianna, Eugenia M. Machado
121. Vianna, Judith

122. Vianna, Mario Fernando
123. Vianna, Sara Maria
124. Vianna, Miguel Augusto		31
11
4
6
7
125. Webster, Camila71

Appendix 1: Camp 3

NameAge
1. Almeida, Carlos António de
2. Almeida, Emílio
3. Almeida, Miguel
4. Almeida, Eduardo
5. Almeida, Alfredo		23
13
11
16
19
6. Aquino, José Lucius Tyrus de
7. Aquino, Tadeo Amos de		41
46
8. Baptista, Teresa Ma Sien
9. Baptista, Maria Cecilia		40
17
10. Baptista, Angelina46
11. Canavarro, Joaquim Maria da Costa73
12. Collaço Vicente Victor
13. Collaço, José António Xavier		55
51
14. Costa, Margarita Maria da
15. Costa, Alfredo da		49
47
16. Guterres, António Maria44
17. Leon, Alminda72
18. Leon, Andre
19. Leon, Mary		65
63
20. Oliveira, António Carlos de34
21. Ozorio, João
22. Ozorio, Jorge
23. Ozorio, Guilherme		27
31
34
24. Ozorio, Alberto Emílio57
25. Perpetuo, Isabel34
26. Rozario, Thomas do
27. Rozario, Elisa Victoria do		48
46
28. Rodrigues, Jr. Arthur40
29. Silva, Manuel Eça da31
30. Souza, Mathias Eduardo de
31. Souza, Branca Maria de

32. Souza, Carolina
33. Souza, Virginia		59
48
6
19
34. Souza, Alice
35. Souza, Jacqueline Jeane
36. Souza, Victor Manuel		27
4
2
37. Souza, Maria Therese
38. Souza, Raimundo José
39. Souza, Rodolfo Alberto
40. Souza, Teresa de		28
6
5
3
41. Souza, Dolores Maria de
42. Souza, Cecilia Savina
43. Souza, Dolores Leonor		25
7
6
44. Souza, Vivian Mari
45. Souza, Francisca Patricia		18
11
46. Souza, Guilherme Talbot46
47. Souza, Carlos Augusto de26
48. Xavier, Vicente Maria67
49. Yu, Victoria Anges Chan74

APPENDIX 2: LETTERS OF CONDOLENCE – DEATH OF J.P. Braga, 1944

Source: Braga Manuscript Collection, National Library of Australia

1) From Sir Robert Ho Tung:

15th February 1944.

My dear Jack,

On Sunday morning I was profoundly grieved to learn from the Wah Kiu Yat Poa of the sudden and unexpected death of your dear and widely respected father. To your dear mother, brothers and sisters as well as yourself, the loss is undoubtedly irreparable. Please convey to them my deepest sympathy and accept the same yourself.To me, however, the loss is nonetheless acute as your father and I have been lifelong friends and on many important occasions have been working together. No foreigners knew more of the history of my career than him and I had hoped that upon the death of myself, he will write a few lines to the newspapers similar to what he wrote about the late Mr Robert Shewan and His Excellency the late Governor Barbossa. Alas! This hope cannot now be realized. He has, however, left many able and worthy sons behind and amongst them you have been associated with me much more than the others, and I am very grateful to you for the great interest you have been taking in my welfare since the outbreak of war. Therefore, I hope that when my death really occurs, you will follow the footsteps of your dear father.

I enclose a newspaper cutting of the Hongkong News which may be of interest to you in case you desire to communicate with the local Portuguese paper. When convenient, please give Elsie a ring as to when you will resume your work in the office.

Yours very sincerely,

Robert Ho Tung.

2) From Rhoda Reeves, wife of the British Consul General of Macau:

14th February 1943 [sic]

Dear Jack,

This morning, awaiting breakfast, I was handling one of my loved books and my thoughts immediately flew to your father when I came across the following:-
“Let us Now Praise Famous Men”

Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us.
The Lord hath wrought great glory by them through his great power from the beginning.
Such as did bear rule in their kingdoms, men renowned for their power, giving counsel by their understanding and declaring prophecies:
Leaders of people by their counsels, and by their knowledge of learning meet for the people, wise eloquent in their instructions:
Such as found out musical tunes, and recited verses in writing:
Rich men furnished with ability, living peaceably in their habitations:
All these were honoured in their generations and were the glory of their times.
There be of them, that have left a name behind them that their praises might be reported.
And some there be, which have no memorial;
who are perished, as though they had never been;
and are become as though they had never been born;
and their children after them
.
But these were merciful men, whose righteousness hath not been forgotten.
With their seed shall continually remain a good inheritance,
and their children are within the covenant.
Their seed standeth fast, and their children for their sakes.
Their seed shall remain forever, and their glory shall not be blotted out.
Their bodies are buried in peace; but their name liveth for evermore.

Do you not find it beautiful and applicable? It comes from Ecclesiasticus Chapter 44, v 1-14. Should the future bring a different world from that which we know before, and named memorials become a thing of the past, the last verses, well remembered, would do your father justice. If, on the other hand, Hongkong retains her former status, the first verses well might be cited on a plaque for him. He has done so much for the Colony.

I did not know him long but considered him a friend. He was one of the old school, wise, fine and upstanding; a gentle man that any person whatsoever was the better for meeting and knowing. The courageous way in which all of you have faced this most unhappy time is the finest tribute to your father that all of you could give.

In admiration, sympathy and friendship.

Rhoda Reeves.

British Consulate

Macau.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary sources (annotated)

Braga Manuscript Collection at the National Library of Australia

Jack Braga, the son of J.P.Braga, a leader of the Macaense community in Hong Kong in the early decades of the twentieth century, had a multi-faceted career as a teacher, broadcaster, journalist and local historian. He provided research assistance for historians like C.R. Boxer and writers like Montalto de Jesus and Austin Coates. His credentials as a historian could be seen in the many publications that were credited to him.10_1 Perhaps the greatest compliments were those given by Hong Kong’s Governor Grantham, C.R. Boxer and the Macau historian Monsignor Manuel Teixeira.

In August 1955, Governor Grantham wrote: “Mr Braga has probably a greater store of knowledge of the history of our Colony than any man living to-day.”10_2 C.R. Boxer openly acknowledged the contribution and work of Jack Braga when the University of Hong Kong conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctorate of Literature in 1971. In two letters (14 March and 9 April) written to Braga soon after the event, Boxer again mentioned that it should be Braga who deserved the recognition. He hoped that “the powers that be will recognise this in the not too distant future”.10_3

Even at the time of his death, “the powers that be” in Hong Kong and Macau did not feel inclined to do. Even Monsignor Manuel Teixeira believed that Macau owed Braga a great debt. In the obituary he wrote of Braga following his death in 1987, Teixeira stated that “Braga truly deserved to be decorated and I myself requested the government to do so but to no avail.”10_4 On Portugal’s National Day, in the year of his death, he was awarded, post-humously, the Order of Prince Henry for his contribution to the dissemination of Portuguese culture throughout the world.

When Jack Braga went to Macau as a teacher, it was his ignorance of Portuguese history and Portuguese heroes that led him to start his book collection. He told his nephew Stuart Braga that “I was not familiar with all that background, that tremendous background of achievement of bravery, of courage. My books, now in the National Library of Australia, are my contribution, shall we say, to a fascinating story, involving not only a people but even the family of which I have the honour to be.”10_5

He was a prolific writer and a keen annotator with such small neat hand writing that one could be mistaken to think that they had been shrunk to fit into the tiny spaces on different parts of the page. He collected many materials including little pieces of burnt remnants of Montalto de Jesus‘ controversial second edition of Historic Macao. I have relied extensively on the information that Jack Braga had religiously collected over the period of his life and his correspondences with various persons. These formed part of the Braga Manuscript Collection which comprised two hundred boxes. Pauline Haldane’s paper provided a valuable guide to the volumes and boxes of materials.

Newspapers

In addition to the current newspapers, I have relied heavily on the newspaper cuttings that have been studiously collected by He was a prolific writer and a keen annotator with such small neat hand writing that one could be mistaken to think that they had been shrunk to fit into the tiny spaces on different parts of the page. He collected many materials including little pieces of burnt remnants of Montalto de Jesus‘ controversial second edition of Historic Macao. I have relied extensively on the information that Jack Braga had religiously collected over the period of his life and his correspondences with various persons. These formed part of the Braga Manuscript Collection which comprised two hundred boxes. Pauline Haldane’s paper provided a valuable guide to the volumes and boxes of materials.

over the past decades. These formed part of the Braga Manuscript Collection that is housed in the National Library of Australia. The cuttings cover a long period between 1920s to the 1950s after which time, it appeared that Braga lost interest except for the odd occasions. The newspapers were mostly from the China region and as long as they contained articles on current affairs, history, literature and subjects that interested him, he would paste it into a big book and note the source of the clipping.

Canton Daily Sun
China Mail
China Truth
Hongkong Daily News
Hongkong Sunday Herald
Hongkong Standard
Hongkong Telegraph
Japan Advertiser
North China Herald
North China Daily News
Notícias de Macao
Shanghai Sunday Times
South China Morning Post
Sunday Star
The Canton Truth
The Daily Press Hong Kong
The Morning Post
The Philippines Herald
The Showdown, Shanghai
The Sun News Pictorial
The Times, London
Times Weekly

Memoirs

Gosano, Eddie, Hong Kong Farewell –  private publication, year not specified.

Nery, Felipe B., Filho de Macau (a Son of Macao) – an autobiography, (New York, Vantage Press, 1988).

Silva, Frederic A., All Our Yesterdays: The sons of Macao, their history and heritage, (Macau, Livros do Oriente, 1996).

Silva, Frederic A., Things I Remember, (San Francisco CA, 1999).

Magazines, periodicals and newsletters

Asia Magazine, a weekly news magazine published in Hong Kong.

Asia Yearbook, published by the Far Eastern Economic Review.

Casa Downunder, newsletter of Casa de Macau, Australia.

Discovery Magazine, inflight magazine of Cathay Pacific Airways.

Far Eastern Economic Review, a weekly news magazine published in Hong Kong.

Lusitano Club Bulletin, newsletter of Club Lusitano, Foster City, California USA

Macau Special, published by the Macau Government Media Bureau.

Review of Culture, published by Instituto Cultural de Macau.

Silver Kris, inflight magazine of Singapore Airlines.

Sunday Morning Post Magazine, published by South China Morning post newspaper.

UMA News Bulletin, newsletter of Uniao Macaense Americana, Inc. USA

Secondary works

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Bickers, R., Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, (UK, Manchester University Press, 1999).

Boxer, C.R., Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macau, (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1948).

Boxer, C.R., Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415-1825, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1963).

Boxer, C.R., Portuguese Society in the Tropics, (Milwaukee USA, University of Wisconsin, 1965).

Boxer, C.R., Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: a succinct survey, (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969).

Boxer, C.R., Women in Iberian Expansion Overseas 1415 – 1815, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1975).

Boxer, C.R., Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia: 1500-1750, (London, Variorum Reprints, 1985).

Braga, J.M. (ed.), Hong Kong Business Symposium, (Hong Kong, SCMP Ltd, 1957).

Braga, J.M., “Portugal and Asia”, paper presented at the Embassy of Portugal,
Canberra, Australia in 1969. BMC-NLA, MS 4301.

Braga, J.P., The Portuguese in Hongkong and China, (Boletim do Instituto “Luis de Camoes”, Vol. XII 1978, Macau).

Brown, W.J., A Historical Study of the Portuguese in California, (Thesis, University of California, 1944).

Brito, Francisco de Paula Jr., “A few statistical data on the Portuguese colony of Shanghai”, in Cunha, Luis S.(ed), Macau di nosso coraçam, (Macau, Fundação Macau, 1999), 111-115.

Buckley, R., Hong Kong – the road to 1997, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Cabral, João de Pina, ‘The ethnic composition of Macao’, in Review of Culture, No. 20, 1994, 229-239.

Cardoso, R., “Sir Roger Lobo: a Macanese at the Top of Hong Kong”, in
Macau Special 92, 94-101.

Cardoso, R., “Sales, the Portuguese Godfather”, in Macau Special 93, 60-68.

Cardoso, R., “Lancelote Rodrigues, an Arabian Priest”, in Macau Special 93, 70-77.

Castro, Leo de Almada e, “Some notes on the Portuguese in Hong Kong”, in Boletim, (Instituto Portugués de Hong Kong, No. 2, Setembro – 1949), 265-276.

Chan, Ming K. (ed.), Precarious Balance – Hong Kong between China & Britain 1842-1992, (Hong Kong, HK University Press, 1994).

Coates, A., A Prelude to Hong Kong, (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).

Coates, A., A Macao Narrative, (London, Heineman Educational Books, 1978).

Cook, C., The Lion and the Dragon, British voices from the China coast,
(London, Elm Tree Books, 1985).

Cooper, M. (compiler), They Came to Japan – an anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640, (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981).

Cooper, M. (ed.), This island of Japon: João Rodrigues’ account of sixteenth century Japan, (Tokyo, Kodansha, 1973).

Courtauld, C. & Holdsworth, M., The Hong Kong Story, (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1997).

Coutinho, P., “Monsignor Macau”, in Macau Special 94, 145-159.

Cunha, L. S. (ed.), Macau di nosso coraçam, (Macau, Fundação Macau, 1999).

Cremer, R.D. (ed.), Macau – City of Commerce and Culture, (Hong Kong, API Press, 2nd ed. 1991)

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Disney, A.R., Twilight of the Pepper Empire – Portuguese trade in southwest India in the early seventeenth century, (Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1978).

Elison, G., Deus Destroyed – the image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan, (Cambridge MA, Harvard University press, 1991).

Edmonds, R.L. (compiler), World Bibliographical Series Vol 105 Macau, (Oxford, Clio Press, 1989).

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Fernandez, R. L., The Social Meaning of Being Portuguese Canadian, (Toronto, The Multicultural History Society, 1979)

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Guillen-Nunez, C., “Thomas Pereira, S.J., and the Eclipse of the Portuguese Padroado“, in Ptak, R. (ed.), Portuguese Asia: aspects in history and economic history (16th & 17th centuries), (Steiner-Verlag-Weisbaden, Stuttgart, 1987), 157 – 176.

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National Library of Australia”, paper presented at the Second International Conference on Indian Ocean Studies held in Perth, Western Australia, 1984.

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Skeldon, R. (ed.), Reluctant Exiles? – Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese, (Hong Kong, HK University Press, 1994).

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